Ensiklopedi Indonesia Nusantara

Borobudur, or Barabudur, is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist monument near Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The monument comprises six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. A main dome, located at the center of the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues seated inside perforated stupa.

The monument is both a shrine to the Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. The journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the monument and follows a path circumambulating the monument while ascending to the top through the three levels of Buddhist cosmology, namely Kāmadhātu (the world of desire), Rupadhatu (the world of forms) and Arupadhatu (the world of formlessness). During the journey the monument guides the pilgrims through a system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the wall and the balustrades.

Evidence suggests Borobudur was abandoned following the 14th-century decline of Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms in Java, and the Javanese conversion to Islam. Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, then the British ruler of Java, who was advised of its location by native Indonesians. Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations. The largest restoration project was undertaken between 1975 and 1982 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO, following which the monument was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[3] Borobudur is still used for pilgrimage; once a year Buddhists in Indonesia celebrate Vesak at the monument, and Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction.

Ethimologi
In Indonesian, ancient temples are known as candi; thus "Borobudur Temple" is locally known as Candi Borobudur. The term candi is also used more loosely to describe any ancient structure, for example gates and bathing structures. The origins of the name Borobudur however are unclear, although the original names of most ancient Indonesian temples are no longer known. The name Borobudur was first written in Sir Thomas Raffles' book on Javan history. Raffles wrote about a monument called borobudur, but there are no older documents suggesting the same name. The only old Javanese manuscript that hints at the monument as a holy Buddhist sanctuary is Nagarakretagama, written by Mpu Prapanca in 1365.

The name Bore-Budur, and thus BoroBudur, is thought to have been written by Raffles in English grammar to mean the nearby village of Bore; most candi are named after a nearby village. If it followed Javanese language, the monument should have been named 'BudurBoro'. Raffles also suggested that 'Budur' might correspond to the modern Javanese word Buda ("ancient") – i.e., "ancient Boro". However, another archaeologist suggests the second component of the name (Budur) comes from Javanese term bhudhara (mountain).

Karangtengah inscription dated 824 mentioned about the sima (tax-free) lands awarded by Çrī Kahulunan (Pramodhawardhani) to ensure the funding and maintenance of a Kamūlān called Bhūmisambhāra. Kamūlān itself from the word mula which means 'the place of origin', a sacred building to honor the ancestors, probably the ancestors of the Sailendras. Casparis suggested that Bhūmi Sambhāra Bhudhāra which in Sanskrit means "The mountain of combined virtues of the ten stages of Boddhisattvahood", was the original name of Borobudur

Location
Approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) northwest of Yogyakarta, Borobudur is located in an elevated area between two twin volcanoes, Sundoro-Sumbing and Merbabu-Merapi, and two rivers, the Progo and the Elo. According to local myth, the area known as Kedu Plain is a Javanese 'sacred' place and has been dubbed 'the garden of Java' due to its high agricultural fertility. Besides Borobudur, there are other Buddhist and Hindu temples in the area, including the Prambanan temples compound. During the restoration in the early 1900s, it was discovered that three Buddhist temples in the region, Borobudur, Pawon and Mendut, are lined in one straight line position. It might be accidental, but the temples' alignment is in conjunction with a native folk tale that a long time ago, there was a brick-paved road from Borobudur to Mendut with walls on both sides. The three temples (Borobudur–Pawon–Mendut) have similar architecture and ornamentation derived from the same time period, which suggests that ritual relationship between the three temples, in order to have formed a sacred unity, must have existed, although exact ritual process is yet unknown.

Unlike other temples, which were built on a flat surface, Borobudur was built on a bedrock hill, 265 m (869 ft) above sea level and 15 m (49 ft) above the floor of the dried-out paleolake. The lake's existence was the subject of intense discussion among archaeologists in the 20th century; Borobudur was thought to have been built on a lake shore or even floated on a lake. In 1931, a Dutch artist and a scholar of Hindu and Buddhist architecture, W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp, developed a theory that Kedu Plain was once a lake and Borobudur initially represented a lotus flower floating on the lake. Lotus flowers are found in almost every Buddhist work of art, often serving as a throne for buddhas and base for stupas. The architecture of Borobudur itself suggests a lotus depiction, in which Buddha postures in Borobudur symbolize the Lotus Sutra, mostly found in many Mahayana Buddhism (a school of Buddhism widely spread in the east Asia region) texts. Three circular platforms on the top are also thought to represent a lotus leaf. Nieuwenkamp's theory, however, was contested by many archaeologists because the natural environment surrounding the monument is a dry land.

Geologists, on the other hand, support Nieuwenkamp's view, pointing out clay sediments found near the site. A study of stratigraphy, sediment and pollen samples conducted in 2000 supports the existence of a paleolake environment near Borobudur, which tends to confirm Nieuwenkamp's theory. The lake area fluctuated with time and the study also proves that Borobudur was near the lake shore c. 13th and 14th centuries. River flows and volcanic activities shape the surrounding landscape, including the lake. One of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, Mount Merapi, is in the direct vicinity of Borobudur and has been very active since the Pleistocene.

Contemporary events
Following the major 1973 renovation funded by UNESCO, Borobudur is once again used as a place of worship and pilgrimage. Once a year, during the full moon in May or June, Buddhists in Indonesia observe Vesak (Indonesian: Waisak) day commemorating the birth, death, and the time when Siddhārtha Gautama attained the highest wisdom to become the Buddha Shakyamuni. Vesak is an official national holiday in Indonesia and the ceremony is centered at the three Buddhist temples by walking from Mendut to Pawon and ending at Borobudur.

The monument is the single most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia. In 1974, 260,000 tourists of whom 36,000 were foreigners visited the monument. The figure hiked into 2.5 million visitors annually (80% were domestic tourists) in the mid 1990s, before the country's economy crisis. Tourism development, however, has been criticized for not including the local community on which occasional local conflict has arisen. In 2003, residents and small businesses around Borobudur organized several meetings and poetry protests, objecting to a provincial government plan to build a three-story mall complex, dubbed the 'Java World'.
"Mahakarya Borobudur" ballet performance at Borobudur

On 21 January 1985, nine stupas were badly damaged by nine bombs. In 1991, a blind Muslim preacher, Husein Ali Al Habsyie, was sentenced to life imprisonment for masterminding a series of bombings in the mid 1980s including the temple attack. Two other members of a right-wing extremist group that carried out the bombings were each sentenced to 20 years in 1986 and another man received a 13-year prison term. On 27 May 2006, an earthquake of 6.2 magnitude on the Richter scale struck the south coast of Central Java. The event had caused severe damage around the region and casualties to the nearby city of Yogyakarta, but Borobudur remained intact.

On 28 August 2006 the Trail of Civilizations symposium was held in Borobudur under the auspices of the governor of Central Java and the Indonesian Ministry of Culture and Tourism, also present the representatives from UNESCO and predominantly Buddhist nations of Southeast Asia, such as Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia. Climax of the event was the "Mahakarya Borobudur" ballet performance in front of the temple of Borobudur. It was choreographed to feature traditional Javanese dancing, music and costumes, and tell the history about the construction of the Borobudur. After the symposium, the Mahakarya Borobudur ballet is performed several times, especially during annual national Waisak commemoration at Borobudur attended by Indonesian President.

UNESCO identified three specific areas of concern under the present state of conservation: (i) vandalism by visitors; (ii) soil erosion in the south-eastern part of the site; (iii) analysis and restoration of missing elements. The soft soil, the numerous earthquakes and heavy rains lead to the destabilization of the structure. Earthquakes are by far the most contributing factors, since not only stones fall down and arches crumble, but the earth itself can move in waves, further destroying the structure. The increasing popularity of the stupa brings in many visitors, most of whom are from Indonesia. Despite warning signs on all levels not to touch anything, the regular transmission of warnings over loudspeakers and the presence of guards, vandalism on reliefs and statues is a common occurrence and problem, leading to further deterioration. As of 2009, there is no system in place to limit the number of visitors allowed per day, or to introduce mandatory guided tours only.

The interesting place to see is Baturaden, located 15 km north of Purwokerto. Baturaden is a classical highland country in the foot of Gunung Slamet volcano. Central Java's outstanding resort is approximately 14 km north of Purwokerto. It occupies a fine site on the slope of Mount Slamet, at an elevation of 650 m above sea level. It has remarkable weather with a cool mountain breeze. The temperature ranges from 18 degree C to 25 degree C. The resort area is surrounded by nice gardens, hot springs, ponds and bungalow-style hotels. Other features include 200 ha of pine forest, a nearby market and marvelous views. Some European groups are known to spend a day trekking through its Splendid Natural Forest and Villages. Always green, the area is blessed with an abundance of natural water resources spouting out in numerous waterfalls and rivers, which flow between the huge boulders of hardened lava. The huge boulders also points out to Ravines and river bank and form some kind of path, apparently having rolled down from Mount Slamet during a eruption many centuries ago.

Baturaden is renowned for local tourism; with attraction of hot spring, trekking and camping. The main attraction for tourist is the Loka Wisata Baturaden, a recreational Park with a swimming pool, water slide, lake; children's play ground with an Old Dutch Merry-go-round, Hot water mineral spring and Botanical Gardens. We can come to spend the whole day, picnicking on the grassy lawn or along the river or bathing in the mineral waters, which contain sulfur. There are two natural hot spring in Baturaden, namely Pancuran Telu and Pancuran Pitu. The park connects with "Pancuran Tujuh" (Seven Fountains) of warm sulfuric spring water about 2,5 Km's away. The camping ground is called Wana Wisata. There are 76 hotels ranging from the star grade to the modest one for overnight stay. We can go perum berkoh there are one elite house in this city.

1. CENDRAWASIH 
Cendrawasih or paradisoaeidae apoda, minor, Cicinnurus Regius, and seleudicis melanoleuca is typical of birds of Papua Province. Of the 43 species of bird of Cendrawasih, 35 of them can be found in Papua. The peculiarity of this bird found on the beautiful feathers. And in this beautiful feathers possessed by male birds of Cendrawasih alone. Well, usually the colors are very bright plumage with a combination of black, brown, reddish, orange, yellow, white, blue, green and purple.These birds usually live in thick forest or in the lowlands. He has a habit of playing up in the morning when the sun began to show light at the eastern horizon. Cendrawasih male wearing a gorgeous neck feathers to attract the opposite sex. Male bird of cendrawasih dance so fascinating. While singing in the branches, this stud swaying in different directions. Sometimes even reversed depending on the limb resting.

By communities in Papua, birds of cendrawasih an angel can not be trusted as a bead or Apoda footed, bird-legged lovely but did not, because they walk or just perched on a branch only. Bird of Cendrawasih was once the population is quite a lot in the jungle of Papua, but because it continues to be hunted, ultimately this bird populations declined sharply and increasingly difficult to find. Not only hunted, but also the proliferation of increasingly narrow habitat for many forest felling.

2. ORANG UTAN 

Orangutans  other names are Mawas is a kind of great apes with long arms and reddish or brown fur, which live in tropical forests of Indonesia and Malaysia, particularly in Kalimantan and Sumatra.Orangutans are found in tropical rainforest areas of Southeast Asia, namely on the island of Borneo and Sumatra in Indonesia and Malaysia the country. They usually live in dense trees and make nests of leaves. Orangutans can live in various forest types, ranging from dipterokarpus forest hills and plains, basins, freshwater swamp forests, peat swamp, dry land above the mangrove swamps and palm, to the mountain forest. In Borneo, orangutans can be found at an altitude of 500 m above sea level (asl), while relatives in Sumatra were reported to reach the mountain forest at 1,000 m above sea level.

 
Orang Utan Locations and Habitats
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii lesson) is one of the endemic animals that exist only in Sumatra. Orangutans in Sumatra occupies only the northern part of the island, ranging from Buck Elephant, Central Aceh until Sitinjak in South Tapanuli. The existence of these protected mammals Law 5 / 1990 on Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems and classified as Critically Endangered by IUCN. In Sumatra, one population of orangutans found in the river basin (DAS) Batang Toru, North Sumatra. The population of wild orangutans in Sumatra is estimated to number 7300. In the Batang Toru 380 Population density tail with approximately 0.47 to 0.82 chickens per square kilometer. The population of Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii lesson) is now estimated to 7500 individuals. Whereas in the era of the 1990s, an estimated 200,000 heads. Their populations are in 13 separate geographical regions.

This condition causes the survival of their increasingly threatened with extinction. Currently almost all Sumatran Orangutans are found only in the province of North Sumatra and Aceh province, with Lake Toba as the southernmost limit of its spread. Only 2 relatively small population located in southwestern [[lake], namely East Sarulla and forests in the West Batang Toru. [10] the largest orangutan population in Sumatra, found in the West Leuser (2508 individuals) and East Leuser (1,052 individuals ), and Swamp Singkil (1,500 individuals). Other populations the estimated potential to survive in the long term (viable) contained in Batang Toru, North Sumatra, with a size of about 400 individuals.


Orangutans in Borneo that are categorized as endangered by IUCN is divided into three subspecies: Orangutans in Borneo are grouped into three types, namely Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus located in the northern part of the Kapuas River to the northeast of Sarawak; Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii found starting from the south of the River Kapuas to the western part of the Barito River, and Pongo pygmaeus morio. In Borneo, orangutans can be found in Sabah, Sarawak, and nearly all the lowland forests of Borneo, except South Kalimantan and Brunei Darussalam.

Causes of ExtinctionOrang Utan, one of the wildlife that has this high level of intelligence, is now on the verge of extinction, like the Javanese eagle. Primates that live in the forests of Borneo and Sumatra, according to some experts estimate, the orangutan will be extinct within ten years if no action to prevent it. From day to day is steadily decreasing due to human activities (see Causes of Extinction Wildlife / Endangered Wildlife). Illegal trade is one of the biggest causes of extinction of this species. In theory, orangutans on Sumatra has been protected by legislation since 1931, which prohibits to possess, kill or capture the orangutans. But in practice, the hunters still hunt them, mostly for animal trade. In international law, orangutans included in Appendix I of CITES list (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), which prohibits trading by considering the conservation status of these species are the wild-free. However, there is still a lot of demand for the baby orangutan, whether it is local demand, nationally and internationally to serve as pets. Son of orangutans is very dependent on its mother for survival and also in the process of development, to take the child from the parent orangutans to be killed. It is estimated that, for every baby who survived the arrest and transportation represents the death of an adult female orangutan.According to data from the WWF website, orangutans are estimated to have occurred importing into Taiwan as many as 1000 larvae that occurred between 1985 and 1990. For every orangutan that arrived in Taiwan, then there are 3 to 5 other animals that die in the process.Orangutan trade reportedly also occurs in Borneo, where orangutans were either dead or hidaup also remained unsold.